Showing posts with label Comedy_Errors. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Comedy_Errors. Show all posts

Sunday, June 5, 2011

Shakespeare a Lawyer? - 14 - Legal jargon

Was Shake-Speare a lawyer?

Part 14

Valid Pointers to Shake-Speare being a Lawyer

15. Resisting law

In Coriolanus 3.1.265-6, Sicinius urges that Coriolanus shall be thrown down the tarpeian rock because

             "he hath resisted law
And therefore law shall scorn him further trial..."

This is presumably based on the legal tag from the Roman jurist Justinian, 2 Institutes 53,  Merito beneficium legis amittit qui legem ipsam subvertere intendit - "he who intends to subvert the law itself deservedly loses the benefit of law". Yet the tag is not in Plutarch, Shake-Speare's source. Would Will Shakspere have known it, even in an English version?



14. A Sentence Irrevocable

In The Comedy of Errors 1.1.147 a character says that a "passed sentence may not be recalled [revoked]". There was a legal tag Sententia interlocutoria revocari potest definitiva non potest - "an interlocutory order may be revoked but not a final one". A criminal sentence was a final order (subject to appeal), and the wording of Shake-Speare's line suggests that he had the tag in mind. I doubt if Will Shakspere of Stratford would have known it.

Also, Lord Campbell, speaking of the jests in The Comedy of Errors, he remarks : 
"These jests cannot be supposed to arise from anything in the laws or customs of Syracuse, but they show the author to be very familiar with some of the most abtruse proceedings in English jurisprudence." --(From Shakespeare's Legal Acquirements, p. 38)

And, 

Franklin Fiske Heard, an American authority, says :
"The Comedy of Errors shows that Shakespeare was very familiar with some of the most refined principles of the science of special pleading, a science which contains the quintessence of the law".

Remember that The Comedy of Errors was one of Shake-Speare's first plays. How could Will Shakspere, recently from Stratford, had obtained this expertise so quickly, (if at all, considering he had no formal training in law)?  See the timeline here:



13. The Leek and Ambiguities

In Henry V, 5.1.45-7, Pistol asks if he really must bite the leek, to which Fluellen replies:

"Yes certainly, and out of doubt and out of question too and ambiguities".

These words were often found in a codicil to a Will by way of explaining the Will. For example, a codicil of Nicholas Tooley (one of Shakspere's fellow actors) had: "For the explanation of such ambiguities, doubts, scruples, questions and variances". Or the words might appear in the body of a Will. that of Charles Brandon begins: "I Charles Duke of Suffolk, being of whole and perfect memory, considering the great ambiguities, doubts and questions that do daily rise and grow in last Wills". but would a non-lawyer have thought of introducing Will jargon into Pistol's disconfiture over the leek?


Tuesday, May 24, 2011

The Comedy of Errors - Authorship

Who wrote The Comedy of Errors? 

A lot of historical sleuthing has shown that William Shakspere is very unlikely to have been able to write The Comedy of Errors (or Love's Labor Lost and other Shakespeare works), and that Bacon was perfectly situated to have written them. The evidence is freely available to examine and too lengthy to post here but I can summarize it.

This I'm borrowing mostly from N.B.Cockburn's, The Bacon Shakespeare Question (1998).

The Comedy of Errors was first performed during the Gray's Inn Revels of Christmas 1594-5. Gray's Inn was one of the law schools in London. At times they held Revels for entertainment and as a kind of rehearsal in the arts of government for later careers for the students. The Revels over Christmas 1594-5 were on an unusually lavish scale. A fairly full account was published in 1688 called "Gesta Grayorum".

One of the entertainments of these Revels was A Comedy of Errors which is generally agreed to be the same as in the Shakespeare First Folio. There are several speeches in the Revels which people are in agreement that they were by Bacon. For instance, Stratfordian A.L.Rowse says "These were written by Bacon with whom such subjects were a characteristic concern."  So,
1) Already we know that both Bacon and "Shake-Speare" contributed to writing of these same Revels.
2) Then there are several parallels in plot between the play and the rest of the revels. For instance, both of them have a common theme of 'Errors and confusion due to sorcery'.
3) the 'Sorcerer' was probably Bacon, as he was the person most likely responsible for arranging for, planning, and managing the Revels, being also a Treasurer of Gray's Inn at the time. In addition, his name 'Bacon' links him to the philosopher/scientist Roger Bacon who Catholic Church had labeled a 'sorcerer'.
4) Cockburn cites language in Gesta Grayorum that suggests Bacon both hired players to put on the play but also wrote it for them.
5) Besides plot theme similarities, there are many idea and language similarities between the play and the rest of the revels that suggest the play's author knew the content and speeches in the rest of the Revels so that the play could be closely integrated with them.
6) There are a number of legal terms and references in this early play which are much more likely to have been written by a lawyer (Bacon) for other lawyers and law students, than by a non-lawyer (Will Shakspere).
7) The play is Shake-Speare's shortest and this also suggests it was written specifically for the Revels to fit in with them timewise. This implies that it wasn't meant for the theater in general as its length was too short for normal theater productions. And this adds to the reasons why a playwright is not likely to have written it, as it would have been uneconomical to spend the time on it. Playwrights did not seem to want to write plays for a single performance before a private audience. Most plays before Queen Elizabeth or King James had been performed elsewhere first.
8) There is also no record in Gray's Inn's accounts of having paid any playwright for the play, and since they were under tight finances at the time, it's also unlikely that they would have paid an outside playwright for it.
9) Perhaps most importantly, the historical evidence suggests that Gray's Inn had a tradition of writing it's own plays and masques. It's members "excelled in dramatics". In the Elizabethan time period there is only one play performed at one of the Inns of Court that wasn't written by a member there. This was George Chapman in 1613 and even he was said to have lived for a time at Gray's Inn and so even he could be regarded as being one of their members in an informal sense.
10) Finally, Will Shakspere's theater group the Lord Chamberlain's Men were scheduled to play before the Queen on the same night that The Comedy of Errors was played at Gray's Inn, and so it's very unlikely he could have been there for the play. Gesta Grayorum does say that "a Comedy of Errors ...was played by the Players" and that the sorcerer had "foisted a Company of base and common Fellows" to make up our disorders with a Play of Errors and Confusions." But, Cockburn argues, "this seems so offensive a description of the players, even by Elizabethan standards of class consciousness, that one wonders if the company was a mock one, part of the prevailing make-believe, consisting in truth of Inn members who could indulge in such jocular rudeness against themselves." Shakespeare scholars have tried to get around the problem of the Lord's men being at two places at once by inventing the possibility of an error in the dating of the records. But no other errors in such dating has been found and there's no other reason to argue for such an error.

Again, this is just a summary of some of the main evidential points that show there are "low odds" for Will Shakspere's authorship of The Comedy of Errors, and that Bacon is their most likely author.

See also Barry Clark's The Bacon Shakespeare Puzzle, chapter 6, pages 124-141 where he has additional evidence and analysis on this play.


Here's a paragraph from Clark's chapter:

"Curiously, there is no mention in the Gesta Grayorum of the author of The Comedy of Errors even though it lists the names of some 80 Grays Inn members who played the Officers and Attendants of the Prince. Neither is there a record in the Pension Book of Gray’s Inn of anyone (actor or dramatist) being paid for it while an entry on 11 February 1595 informs us that the sum of 100 marks was to be paid to “the gentlemen [of Gray’s Inn] for their sports and shewes this Shrovetyde at the court before the Queens Majestie” (see §6.11). So Gray’s Inn had a company of actors in existence at the time of the Gray’s Inn revels, payments to them were recorded in the Pension Book, and if the dramatist received no fee then he was most probably an Inns of Court member. Whoever he was, he would have required a sound command of Latin for neither of these two Plautine plays had been printed in English by the end of 1594."


Saturday, April 2, 2011

Parallel - Woman's body compared to countries

First Shake-Speare: 

From the Comedy of Errors [Dromio of Syracuse compares parts of Nell's body to countries]:
 1.1.124-5

Dromio S:   She is spherical like a globe. I could find countries in her . . .
Antipholus S: In what part of her body stands . . . Spain?
Dromio S:   Faith, I saw it not; but I felt it hot in her breath.

Now the Bacon quote: "There was given in evidence also, when the cause of the divorce was handled, a pleasant passage which was - that in a morning Prince Arthur; upon his uprising from bed with her [Katherine] called for drink, which he was not accustomed to; and finding the gentleman of his chamber that brought him the drink, to smile at it and note it, he said merrily to him that he had been in the midst of Spain, which was an hot region, and his journey had made him dry".
     History of Henry VII

Cockburn comment: Thus our authors both make a lascivious comparison of a hot woman with Spain. Dromio "saw it not" because it was her private parts. Note incidentally on the question of Bacon's personality his evident enjoyment of this story.